{"id":499,"date":"2025-12-15T02:46:51","date_gmt":"2025-12-15T02:46:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/?p=499"},"modified":"2025-12-15T02:47:34","modified_gmt":"2025-12-15T02:47:34","slug":"comprehensive-agrarian-reform-program","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/2025\/12\/15\/comprehensive-agrarian-reform-program\/","title":{"rendered":"Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program"},"content":{"rendered":"\"Facebook\"<\/a>\"twitter\"<\/a>\"reddit\"<\/a>\"pinterest\"<\/a>\"linkedin\"<\/a>\"mail\"<\/a>\n

The\u00a0Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program,<\/strong><\/p>\n

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more commonly known as\u00a0CARP<\/b>, is an agrarian reform law of the Philippines whose legal basis is the Republic Act No. 6657,<\/sup>\u00a0otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), signed under the administration of President\u00a0Cory Aquino<\/a>. <\/sup>It is the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive as small independent farmers, regardless of the \u201ctenurial\u201d arrangement. Its goals are to provide landowners equality in terms of income and opportunities, empower land owner beneficiaries to have equitable land ownership, enhance agricultural production and productivity, provide employment to more agricultural workers, and put an end to conflicts regarding land ownership.<\/p>\n

Background<\/strong><\/p>\n

The agrarian reform is part of the long history of attempts of land reform in the Philippines.<\/sup>The law was outlined by former President\u00a0Corazon C. Aquino<\/a>\u00a0through Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on June 22, 1987,<\/sup>\u00a0and it was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10, 1988. In 1998, which was the year that it was scheduled to be completed, the Congress enacted Republic Act No. 8532\u00a0<\/sup>to allocate additional funds for the program and extending the automatic appropriation of ill-gotten wealth recovered by the\u00a0Presidential Commission on Good Government<\/a>\u00a0(PCGG) for CARP until the year 2008.<\/sup><\/p>\n

An amendatory law,\u00a0CARPER or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms or the Republic Act. 9700<\/a>\u00a0was passed. It extended the deadline of distributing agricultural lands to the farmers for an additional five years. This law also amends other provisions and regulations formerly stated in the CARP. It was signed into law on August 7, 2009, and was set to be accomplished by the year 2014.<\/sup><\/p>\n

Key components<\/strong><\/p>\n

The implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program relies heavily on the\u00a0Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)<\/b>. As the lead implementing agency, the DAR has the responsibility in carrying out the principal aspects of the program, which are Land Tenure Improvement (LTI), Program Beneficiary Development (PBD), and the Agrarian Justice Delivery (AJD).<\/p>\n

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The\u00a0Land Acquisition and Distribution<\/strong><\/p>\n

involves the redistribution of private and government-owned land to landless farmers and farm workers. Under Section 6 of RA 9700 ( Section 16 of RA 6657 as amended) regarding Land Acquisition, the DAR identifies lands that are eligible for distribution under the CARP with accordance to the law, acquires the land by delivering a notice containing the offer with its corresponding value to the owner should he choose to accept the payment. Following the acquisition of lands under Section 11 of RA 9700(Section 26 of RA 6657 as amended) the DAR distributes these to the qualified beneficiaries, who then pay for the land through the Land Bank of the Philippines or directly to their former owners. Under the CARP, a total target of 10.3 million hectares of land was programmed to be distributed over a span of ten years. Out of the total land, 6.5 million hectares of public disposal lands and Integrated Social Forestry areas are to be distributed by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) while 3.8 million hectares of private agricultural lands are to be distributed by the DAR. From July 1987 to June 1992, the DAR was able to distribute 1.77 million hectares benefiting .933 million beneficiaries, while the DENR has distributed 1.88 million hectares to .760 million farmers.<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

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Leasehold Operations<\/b><\/p>\n

is the alternative non-land transfer scheme that covers all tenanted agricultural lands in retained areas and in yet to be acquired or distributed lands. Under this component, the DAR mediates between the landowners and tenants so that their share tenancy arrangement could be turned into a leasehold agreement, whereby the beneficiaries will pay a fixed fee based on their own historical production records instead of paying a large percentage share of their produce to the landowner.<\/sup><\/p>\n

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The\u00a0Program Beneficiaries Development<\/b>\u00a0is a support service delivery component of CARP. It aims to aid the agrarian reform beneficiaries by providing them necessary support services to make their lands more productive, and enable them to venture in income generating livelihood projects in accordance to Section 14 of RA 9700(Section 37 of RA 6657 as amended) .<\/sup>Under the support service delivery programs, the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council(PARC) ensures that agrarian reform beneficiaries are provided with support services such as land surveys and tilting, construction of infrastructures, marketing and production assistance, credit and training.<\/sup><\/p>\n

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Agrarian Justice Delivery<\/b><\/p>\n

provides agrarian legal assistance and oversees the adjudication of cases. Under Section 19 of RA 97600 (Section 50 of RA 6657 as amended), the DAR is hereby vested with the primary jurisdiction to determine and adjudicate agrarian reform matters and shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all matters involving the implementation of agrarian reform except those falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).<\/sup><\/p>\n

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The\u00a0Agrarian Legal Assistance<\/b>\u00a0is under the\u00a0Bureau of Legal Assistance (BALA)<\/b>. The BALA provides legal assistance to the beneficiaries affected by agrarian cases, particularly those whose legal rights as ARB’s are challenged by landowners.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Adjudication of Cases<\/b>\u00a0involves the adjudication of cases by the\u00a0Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board (DARAB)<\/b>. The adjudication of cases deals with disputes pertaining to tenancy relations; valuation of lands acquired by DAR under compulsory acquisition mode; rights and obligations of persons, whether natural or juridical, engaged in the management cultivation and use of all agricultural lands; ejectment and dispossession of tenants\/leaseholders; review of leasehold rentals; and other similar disputes.<\/p>\n

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Land reform under Aquino administration (1986\u20131992)<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

During the start of President Corazon Aquino’s term in 1986, the Constitutional Commission approved Section 21 under Article II, which states that \u201cThe State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.\u201d This led to the drafting of CARP, which took the Congress a year to make. On June 10, 1988, Republic Act No. 6657, also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), was passed to promote social justice and industrialization. Although it was still a product of adherence to democratic principles, this law was found to have many flaws. Because of much dissatisfaction with the agrarian reform law, proposals from peasant groups and non-government organizations grew in order to implement an alternative program that was more advantageous to them. However, this did not succeed.<\/p>\n

CARP recognizes not only farmers but all landless workers as beneficiaries with the condition that they cultivate the land. The two main departments in charge of this program are Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Aside from the land distribution, it also provides the delivery of support services and security to the farmers.<\/p>\n

Under the Aquino administration, a total of 898,420 landless tenants and farmers became recipients of land titles and support services. Even with this, it can be considered unsuccessful because it only accomplished 22.5 percent of land distribution in 6 years. This was due to the fact that Aquino assigned 4 different DAR secretaries. The major setback for CARP was Aquino’s Hacienda Luisita’s Stock Distribution Option, which says that she was the first landlord to evade CARP on a grand scale.<\/p>\n

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Land reform under Ramos administration (1992\u20131998)<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

The policies on agrarian reform under the Ramos administration focused on accelerating the direct land transfer and non-land transfer through adopting more rational, fair and inexpensive settlements. It encouraged landowners to invest in rural-based industries that are connected to agriculture. It made an amendment to Section 63 of CARL to increase the fund of this project to 100 billion. Salaries of workers and members of DAR board were increased to motivate them for more successful results as well.<\/p>\n

The target land to be given to farmer beneficiaries under this Administration was 3.4 million hectares, 4.7 million or 60 percent of which was successfully distributed. It achieved more than double the output of the Aquino administration. It focused on \u201cless contentious landholdings and acquisition modes,\u201d where they chose to work with autonomous NGOs and peasant organizations. However, controversies were unavoidable as they encountered landlords openly harassing peasants with guns and forcing them out of the lands.<\/p>\n

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Land reform under Estrada administration (1998\u20132001)<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

This administration focused on fast tracking land acquisition and distribution. It wanted to reduce uncertainties in land market in rural places to help farmers\u2019 efficiency and private investment to grow. It encouraged joint ventures, corporative, contact farming and other marketing arrangements to protect the status of stakeholders and promotion of agri-industrialization. They also improved the databases of the implementing agencies of DAR and DENR to fully record and update the lands covered. Estrada highlighted that there was a need to conceptualize new approaches in doing things to build a new social agreement where producers, government and private sectors work with a common goal.<\/p>\n

The program encountered some problems such as strong landowners’ resistance. Tenants also complained on the limited amount of fund allocation provided by the government for the project. It aimed to complete 7.8 million hectares by 2004. Since President Estrada lasted only 2.5 years as president, the total beneficiaries of CARP was only 0.18 million or 10 percent.<\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The\u00a0Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, more commonly known as\u00a0CARP, is an agrarian reform law of the Philippines whose legal basis is the Republic Act No. 6657,\u00a0otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), signed under the administration of President\u00a0Cory Aquino. It is the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/499"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=499"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/499\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":509,"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/499\/revisions\/509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=499"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=499"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alexi.pro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=499"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}