• Purpose: To secure a real estate loan, acting as the security document for a promissory note.
• Parties: Identifies the borrower(s) and the lender(s), including any guarantors.
• Property Description: Provides a detailed legal description of the real property being used as collateral.
• Loan Terms: Outlines the loan amount (principal), interest rate (fixed or adjustable), repayment schedule (monthly installments), and maturity date.
• Covenants & Obligations: Requires the borrower to maintain the property, pay property taxes, and maintain insurance.
• Default & Remedies: Defines what constitutes a breach of contract (e.g., missed payments) and the lender’s rights to accelerate the loan (make the full balance due) and initiate foreclosure.
• Discharge: States that the mortgage becomes null and void once the debt is fully repaid. 

An exclusively marketed property is a real estate asset assigned to a single authorized broker or agent for promotion and sale. The property is promoted through planned and coordinated marketing strategies such as advertisements, client outreach, and scheduled site viewings. Because only one representative manages the inquiries and negotiations, information given to buyers is consistent, accurate, and professionally handled.

This arrangement is carried out in accordance with Republic Act No. 9646 (Real Estate Service Act of the Philippines), which requires that only licensed real estate brokers and salespersons conduct real estate transactions and marketing activities. It ensures that the property is represented ethically and competently under the supervision of a registered broker.

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), established by Republic Act No. 6657 in 1988, is the Philippines’ primary land reform initiative aimed at promoting social justice, poverty alleviation, and rural development. It covers all public and private agricultural lands, redistributing them to landless farmers and farmworkers to break land monopolies and foster equity. 

The agrarian reform is part of the long history of attempts of land reform in the Philippines.^[3] The law was outlined by former President Corazon C. Aquino through Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on June 22, 1987,^[4] and it was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10, 1988. In 1998, which was the year that it was scheduled to be completed, the Congress enacted Republic Act No. 8532 ^[5] to allocate additional funds for the program and extending the automatic appropriation of ill-gotten wealth recovered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) for CARP until the year 2008.

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• Ownership Scope: You own the interior of your unit (“walls-in”) and an undivided interest in the common areas, such as hallways, amenities, and the land.
• Maintenance & Fees: Monthly fees cover exterior maintenance, amenities (pool, gym), and security, reducing personal upkeep responsibilities.
• Rules & Restrictions: Strict homeowners’ association (HOA) bylaws govern noise, pets, parking, and exterior appearance (e.g., door color).
• Lifestyle: Ideal for urban dwellers seeking convenience, security, and shared amenities.
• Cost: Generally less expensive to buy, but subject to ongoing, increasing HOA fees. 

• Ownership Scope: You own the entire structure, the land it sits on, and all surrounding property (yard/garden).
• Maintenance & Costs: You are solely responsible for all maintenance, repairs, and associated costs, including roof, landscaping, and exterior upkeep.
• Freedom & Control: You have maximum privacy and flexibility to renovate, remodel, or change the home’s appearance without seeking approval.
• Lifestyle: Suited for those desiring space, privacy, and long-term, independent control.
• Cost: Higher upfront cost and generally higher utility bills, but no monthly HOA fees (unless in a managed community). 

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The HCDRD is mandated to implement Republic Act No. 7279, otherwise known as the Urban Development Housing Act of 1992 (UDHA), focusing on socialized housing and resettlement programs for the city’s underprivileged and homeless constituents or Informal Settler Families (ISFs).  

Mission

To implement the City’s Socialized Housing Program and suitable relocation or resettlement for the city’s ISFs.

To ensure sustained development in the resettlement areas and communities through continuing education, training, and by providing health and welfare assistance.

Vision

We envision an empowered, self-reliant, productive and socially-transformed community with improved quality of life provided with security of tenure through the city’s Socialized Housing Program.

Legal Bases

• Republic Act No. 7279, Otherwise Known As The Urban Development Housing Act Of 1992 (UDHA). RA 7279 Is An Act To Provide For Comprehensive and Continuing Urban Development and Housing Program, Establish The Mechanism For Its Implementation, And For Other Purposes
• City Ordinance No. SP-2129, S.2012 or “An ordinance upgrading and reorganizing the Urban Poor Affairs Office (UPAO) into a department to be known as the Housing, Community Development and Resettlement Department (HCDRD), providing for its revised/new organizational structure and staffing pattern, duties, functions, and responsibilities and for other purposes”
• City Ordinance No. SP-2187, S.2012 entitled “An ordinance mandating the Housing, Community Development and Resettlement Department (HCDRD) to undertake the establishment and maintenance of a Management Information System (MIS) on informal settlers in Quezon City”
• City Ordinance No. SP-2771, S.2018 or “An ordinance providing for the Quezon City Comprehensive Socialized Housing Code of 2018”

Service Pledge

• To exert our best effort in the performance of our respective duties with zeal and passion
• To observe diligence and maintain the highest level of integrity in delivering services to the public.

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Under the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA), self-delineation shall be the guiding principle in identifying and delineating ancestral domains. As such, indigenous cultural communities (ICC) and indigenous people (IP) shall have a decisive role in all activities pertinent thereto.

The Sworn Statement of the Elders as to the scope of the territories and the agreements or pacts made with neighboring ICCs/IPs, if any, will be essential in determining these traditional territories. Meanwhile, the government shall take the necessary steps to identify lands which the ICCs/IPs concerned traditionally occupy and guarantee effective protection of their rights of ownership and possession thereto.

Thus, ancestral lands or domains, which may be owned by ICCs/IPs, shall refer to its total environment—that is, its physical environment, including the spiritual and cultural bonds to the areas which they possess, occupy, and use, and to which they have claims of ownership.

In this regard, the indigenous concept of ownership generally holds that ancestral domains are the ICC’s/IP’s private but community property, which belongs to all generations and thus, cannot be sold, disposed, or destroyed. It likewise covers sustainable traditional resource rights.

The ICC’s/IP’s rights to their ancestral domain shall include the: (a) right of ownership over lands, bodies of water traditionally and actually occupied by them, sacred places, traditional hunting and fishing grounds, and improvements introduced thereon; (b) right to develop lands and natural resources, subject to preexisting property rights within the ancestral domains; (c) right to stay in their territories, except when they have given their free and prior informed consent, and subject to the Philippines’ power of eminent domain; (d) right to be resettled in suitable areas should they be displaced through natural catastrophes; (e) right to regulate entry of migrants; (f) right to safe and clean air and water; (g) right to claim parts of reservations; and (h) right to resolve land conflicts in accordance with the customary laws of the area where the land is located.

Moreover, ICC’s/IP’s rights to their ancestral lands shall include the: (a) right to transfer land or property rights among members of the same ICC or IP, subject to their customary laws and traditions; and (b) should the land transfer to a non-member be tainted with vitiated consent, the right of redemption within a period not exceeding 15 years therefrom.

ICCs and IPs occupying an ancestral domain covered by a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) shall be responsible for: (a) maintaining ecological balance by protecting the flora and fauna, watershed areas, and other reserves; (b) restoring denuded areas, subject to just and reasonable remuneration; and (c) observing the IPRA.

Nevertheless, the ICC’s/IP’s rights to their ancestral domains by virtue of native title shall be recognized and respected. Formal recognition, when solicited by the ICC/IP, shall be embodied in a CADT, which shall recognize their title over the territories identified and delineated.

Meanwhile, individual members of the ICC who, by themselves or through their predecessors-in-interest, have been in continuous possession and occupation of their ancestral lands in the concept of an owner since time immemorial or for a period of at least 30 years from the approval of the IPRA, and uncontested by the other members of the same ICC, shall have the option to secure title to their ancestral lands pursuant to the Land Registration Act of 1946, within 20 years from the approval of the IPRA.

Ancestral lands that may be covered by this title shall be agricultural in character and actually used for agricultural, residential, pasture, and tree farming purposes, including those with a slope of 18 percent or more.

Unauthorized and unlawful intrusion upon, or any use of any portion of the ancestral domain, or any violation of the rights thereto, shall be punished pursuant to the concerned ICC/IP’s customary laws. But, the impossable penalty shall neither be cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment nor death penalty or excessive fines.

Upon conviction, the offender may be imprisoned for less than nine months but not more than 12 months, or fined for not less than P100,000 nor more than P500,000, or penalized with both imprisonment and fine, upon the court’s discretion. Moreover, he shall be obliged to pay the aggrieved ICC/IP whatever damage it may have suffered because of his unauthorized and unlawful intrusion upon the ancestral domain.

WHAT IS EXPROPRIATION?

Expropriation is the government’s power to take private property for public use upon just compensation to the owner. It is a legal mechanism recognized worldwide, and in the Philippines, it is also considered an inherent power of the state.

LEGAL BASIS IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the Philippine context, the legal basis for expropriation can be found in the Constitution, specifically under Section 9, Article III, which states that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

Buying a property is a life-long dream for many people in the Philippines, but it involves a considerable amount of money- the reason why many home-buyers/investors are so careful in transacting with just anybody. That is why the government ensures that the real estate profession is well regulated here in the Philippines, and that the people who introduce themselves are real estate professionals are licensed (like architects, lawyers, doctors, engineers, etc.). This is the primary objective of the Real Estate Service Act of the Philippines, more commonly known as the “RESA Law”.

What is RESA law?

Republic Act No. 9646 or the Real Estate Service Act of the Philippines, which is more commonly referred to as the RESA laws the law that protects the rights of those who call themselves as real estate professionals. This said law took effect on July 30, 2009 and it deals primarily with the acts considered to be real estate services, the penalties corresponding to violations of its provisions and the qualifications of those who may practice the profession. Furthermore, the law is meant to prevent the practice of “colorum” agents and also property sellers who are still patronizing to the so-called freelance illegal property agents to avoid paying taxes and proper commission rates.

Before the RESA Law was introduced in 2009, all real estate brokers were licensed under the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). When the law was passed, the role of regulating the profession was handed to the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). However, those already licensed under the DTI are still eligible to get a license from the PRC without taking the Real Estate Broker Licensure Examination (under the so-called grandfather clause).

What can be considered as “engaging in the practice of real estate service”?

Based on Section 27 of the RESA Law, acts constituting the practice of real estate service are as follows:

“Any single act or transaction embraced within the provisions of Section 3(g), Rule II hereof, as performed by real estate service practitioners, shall constitute an act of engaging in the practice of real estate service.”
” Furthermore, Section 3(g) states that:

“g. “Real estate service practitioners” shall refer to and consist of the following: (1) Real estate consultant – a duly registered and licensed natural person who, for a professional fee, compensation or other valuable consideration, offers or renders professional advice and judgment on: (i) the acquisition, enhancement, preservation, utilization or disposition of lands or improvements thereon; and (ii) the conception, planning, management and development of real estate projects.
(2) Real estate appraiser – a duly registered and licensed natural person who, for a professional fee, compensation or other valuable consideration, performs or renders, or offers to perform services in estimating and arriving at an opinion of or acts as an expert on real estate values, such services of which shall be finally rendered by the preparation of the report in acceptable written form.
(3) Real estate assessor — a duly registered and licensed natural person who works in a local government unit and performs appraisal and assessment of real properties, including plants, equipment, and machineries, essentially for taxation purposes.
(4) Real estate broker – a duly registered and licensed natural person who, for a professional fee, commission or other valuable consideration, acts as an agent of a party in a real estate transaction to offer, advertise, solicit, list, promote, mediate, negotiate or effect the meeting of the minds on the sale, purchase, exchange, mortgage, lease or joint venture, or other similar transactions on real estate or any interest therein
(5) Real estate salesperson – a duly accredited natural person who performs service for, and in behalf of a real estate broker who is registered and licensed by the Professional Regulatory Board of Real Estate Service for or in expectation of a share in the commission, professional fee, compensation or other valuable consideration.”

Who are exempted from the RESA Law?

Section 28 of the RESA law stipulates who are exempted from the said law:

1. Owners of real property are not required to have a license in order to sell their own property. However, real estate developers are not included because they are regulated by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB).
2. Trustees in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings.
3. People who act pursuant to court orders and duly constituted attorneys that are authorized to negotiate the sale, mortgage, lease, or exchange of real estate.
4. Public officers who performs such acts in line with their official duties. Except that government assessors should have a license.
   

   What is prohibited?

   Let me quote Section 29 of the RESA Law below:

   “SEC. 29. Prohibition Against the Unauthorized Practice of Real Estate Service. No person shall practice or offer to practice real estate service in the Philippines or offer himself/herself as real estate service practitioner, or use the title, word, letter, figure or any sign tending to convey the impression that one is a real estate service practitioner, or advertise or indicate in any manner whatsoever that one is qualified to practice the profession, or be appointed as real property appraiser or assessor in any national government entity or local government unit, unless he/she has satisfactorily passed the licensure examination given by the Board, except as otherwise provided in R.A. No. 9646 and the IRR is a holder of a valid certificate of registration and professional identification card or a valid special/temporary permit duly issued to him/her by the Board and the Commission; and, in the case of real estate brokers and private appraisers, they have paid the required bond as provided for in R.A. No. 9646.”

   What are the penalties for violating RA 9646?

   Section 39 stipulates that licensed real estate professionals who are proven guilty of violating of the said law, shall be penalized with a fine of not less than Php100, 000.00 or imprisonment of not less than two (2) years. However, if the offender happens to be unlicensed, the penalty shall be double (that would mean Php200, 000.00 or imprisonment of not less than four (4) years.

“For richer, for poorer, in sickness or in health, to love and to cherish till death do us part.” This is part of the marriage vow being recited during weddings. Being married to someone entails not only sharing one’s life but also one’s property with the other. Hence, it is very important to know the liabilities of the common properties of the spouses.  Oftentimes, one of the spouses contracts a loan and the common property will sometimes be held responsible in case the contracting spouse defaults in his obligation.  The liability of the common property will depend on the type of transaction and other factors provided by law.

In the absence of a marriage settlement or prenuptial agreement, the provisions of the Family Code will apply with regard to the property regime of the spouses.  If the marriage was contracted before the Family Code (before 03 August 1988), then the conjugal partnership of gains (CPG) will govern. However, if the marriage was contracted after 03 August 1988, then the absolute community of property (ACP) will apply.  For this article, the author will discuss the ACP and its liabilities since the discussion on the CPG will be the subject of another article.

Under the regime of ACP, all property owned by the spouses at the time of the celebration of the marriage or acquired thereafter shall form part of the community property.  However, property acquired during the marriage by gratuitous title, as well as the fruits and income thereof; property for exclusive or personal use of each spouse (except jewelry); and property acquired before the marriage by either spouse who has legitimate descendants by a former marriage, as well as the fruits or income thereof, are excluded from the community property.

Anent the liability of the community property, Article 94 of The Family Code states that the ACP shall be liable for the following:

1. 1. The support of the spouses, their common children, and legitimate children of either spouse; however, the support of illegitimate children shall be governed by the provisions of the Family Code on Support;
2. 2. All debts and obligations contracted during the marriage by the designated administrator-spouse for the benefit of the community, or by both spouses, or by one spouse with the consent of the other;
3. 3. Debts and obligations contracted by either spouse without the consent of the other to the extent that the family may have been benefited;
4. 4. All taxes, liens, charges and expenses, including major or minor repairs, upon the community property;
5. 5. All taxes and expenses for mere preservation made during marriage upon the separate property of either spouse used by the family;
6. 6. Expenses to enable either spouse to commence or complete a professional or vocational course, or other activity for self-improvement;
7. 7. Ante-nuptial debts of either spouse insofar as they have redounded to the benefit of the family;
8. 8. The value of what is donated or promised by both spouses in favor of their common legitimate children for the exclusive purpose of commencing or completing a professional or vocational course or other activity for self-improvement;
9. 9. Ante-nuptial debts of either spouse other than those falling under paragraph (7) of this Article, the support of illegitimate children of either spouse, and liabilities incurred by either spouse by reason of a crime or a quasi-delict, in case of absence or insufficiency of the exclusive property of the debtor-spouse, the payment of which shall be considered as advances to be deducted from the share of the debtor-spouse upon liquidation of the community; and
10. 10. Expenses of litigation between the spouses unless the suit is found to be groundles
11. The question frequently asked is the liability of the other spouse in case the contracting spouse sells the common property.  It would depend if the other spouse had knowledge and consent of the transaction. If the husband sold the property without the consent and knowledge of the wife, then the sale is void.  However, the transaction shall be considered as a continuing offer and may be perfected upon acceptance of the other spouse. On the other hand, if the husband sold the community property with the knowledge but without the consent of the wife, the contract is merely annullable.  The wife has 5 years from the date of the contract to go to court and seek the annulment of the contract.